While series creator Gene Roddenberry could have easily relied on a reliable sci-fi trope of "laser" guns for Star Trek, he named it a "phaser" for different technical reasons.
First, the name comes from the use of phase modulators to control the blast yield of a particle beam. Phase modulator, a real-world tech, was spruced up to sound more fantastical.
The show was set in the 22nd Century, so Roddenberry had to update its tech. He explained, "We didn't want people saying to us three years from now, ʻ[...] lasers can't do that.'"